Components of Water Budget The water budget of a unit area of the earth’s surface is formed from the components: P = precipitation E = Evaporation D = Discharge, Runoff R = Reserve, storage and U = Use, consumption The conservation law for water satisfies the water balance. P = …

Geosphere The area near the surface of the earth can be divided into four inter-connected “geo-spheres” – lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. The names of the four spheres are derived from the Greek words for stone (litho), air (atmo), water (hydro), and life (bio).   Lithosphere The lithosphere is the …

 Sampling Measuring a small portion of something and then making a general statement about the whole thing is known as sampling. Sampling is a process of selecting a number of units for a study in such a way that the units represent the larger group from which they are selected. …