First model – proposed by Jude (1940) and Lindemann (1942). Later on more sophisticated models proposed, by Odum (1957), Teal (1957) and Mann (1969). Model proposed by Mann (1969) is shown in Fig.  Two principles apply in it: According to laws of thermodynamics, energy can be up taken only once, …

Though almost in all cases, when we talk about the origin, it goes about the discussion of fossils, bryophytes don’t have any primitive form than what at present-day it is. Usually, the study about the origin of bryophytes is something like a hypothesis- based upon the comparative studies about the …

Biomass Biomass is the weight of living matter per unit area at a given time at a given place. Future of Biomass In aquatic ecosystem, produced biomass may either enter into food chain or undergoes destruction. In lentic waters, nutrients present in biomass get recycled, except sedimentation of small fraction. …