Introduction Rubber is a polyterpene consisting of a long chain of thousands of isoprene units. Isoprene is a five carbon compound and a basic unit of rubber. The isoprenes are joined together end to end to form a giant molecule called polymer. The word rubber was first used by Priestly …

 Oil Oils are liquid at room temperature (18-24 C) and usually contain oleic acid. On the other hand, fats are solid at room temperature and contain stearic or palmitic acid.   Definition Oils and fats are water insoluble substances called lipid, consisting of a mixture of triglycerides and containing also …

 Paleobotany Paleobotany is a study of preserve of vestiges (remaining) of geological past. More comprehensively, it is a part of paleontology or paleo-biology which deals with recovery and identification of plant remains. Paleobotany can be defined or approached from the botanical point of view where emphasis is given on plant …

Process of fossilization Mainly there are two theories how plants become fossil. 1. Infiltration theory 2. Molecule by molecule replacement theory 1. Infiltration theory Infiltration theory is based on the fact that mineral matters are infiltrated and precipitated in the cell wall in the buried plant and plant parts undergoing …

Methods of Calculation of Quantitative Data   Quantitative data for individual species is calculated by the following methods: 1) Frequency = Number of sampling units in which the species occurred/Total number of sampling units studied Relative frequency = Frequency of a sp./Total frequency of all spp. X 100 2) Density …

Vegetation: Definition Vegetation is defined as an assemblage of plants growing together in a particular location. It is characterized either by its component species or by the combination of structure and functional characters that characterize the appearance or physiognomy of vegetation. Vegetation rapidly responds to changes in habitat. If the …

Range The range consists of a bunch of data that shows the distinction between the highest and lowest values among the data set. So as to seek out the range, it’s necessary to first order the data from lowest to highest. Then  we have to subtract the smallest value from the …

There are two main methods of presenting data of a variable character or a variable. A) Tabulation/Tabular Presentation B) Drawing/Graphical Presentation Tabulation Tabulation is a device for presenting data from a mass of statistical data. Preparation of frequency distribution table is the first requirement for that. Tables are often simple …

There are various methods to measure the central value of an observation. For instance, average, mean, median, mode, etc. Average The average value of a characteristic is the one central value around which all other observations are distributed. In any large series, nearly 50% of observations lie above the central …

The endosperm is important because it is the main source of food for the embryo. In gymnosperms it is haploid and forms a continuation of the female gametophyte. In angiosperms, on the other hand, it is a new structure formed in most cases as the result of a fusion of …