Typification

Typification:

The nomenclatural type is that constituent element (a spec­imen, or a description or a figure) of a taxon to which the name is permanently at­tached. This need not be the most typical or representative element but is the original material on which the description of the taxon is based.

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Following kinds of types are recognised: 

1. Holotype: a name of a species or infraspecific taxon is the one specimen or illustration either (a) indicated by the author(s) as the nomenclatural type or (b) used by the author(s) when no type was indicated. As long as the holotype is extant, it fixes the application of the name concerned.

2. Lectotype: A Lectotype is one specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type, if the name was published without a holotype, or if the holotype is lost or destroyed, or if a type is found to belong to more than one taxon. For sanctioned names, a lectotype may be selected from among elements associated with either or both the protologue and the sanctioning treatment.

3. Isotype: An Isotype is any duplicate of the holotype. it is always a specimen. The term isotype is also used for a duplicate of the type of the conserved name of a species because, such a type, like a holotype, may only be changed by the procedure of conservation.

4. Syntype: A Syntype is any specimen cited in the protologue when there is no holotype, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated in the protologue as types.

5. Paratype: A Paratype is any specimen cited in the protologue that is neither the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes if in the protologue two or more specimens were simultaneously

designated as types.

6. Neotype: A Neotype is a specimen or illustration selected to serve as a nomenclatural type if no original material exists, or as long as it is missing.

7. Epitype: An epitype is a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when the

holotype, lectotype, or previously designated neotype, or all original material associated with a

validly published name, is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for

purposes of the precise application of the name to a taxon.

Rules of Typification:

• If the name of a species or infraspecific taxon was published without a holotype, or when the holotype or previously designated lectotype has been lost or destroyed, or when the material designated as type is found to belong to more than one taxon, a lectotype or, if permissible, a neotype as a substitute for it may be designated.
• In lectotype designation, an isotype must be chosen if such exists, or otherwise a syntype or isosyntype if such exists. If no isotype, syntype or isosyntype is extant, the lectotype must be chosen from among the paratypes if such exist. If none of the above specimens exists, the lectotype must be chosen from
  among the uncited specimens and cited and uncited illustrations that comprise the remaining original material, if such exist.
• The holotype (or lectotype) of a name of a fossil-species or infraspecific fossil-taxon is the specimen (or one of the specimens) on which the validating illustrations are based. When, prior to 1 January 2001, in the protologue of a name of a new fossil-taxon at the rank of species or below, a type specimen is indicated but not identified among the validating illustrations, a lectotype must be designated from among the specimens illustrated in the protologue. This choice is superseded if it can be demonstrated that the original type specimen corresponds to another validating illustration.
• On or after 1 January 1990, lectotypification or neotypification of a name of a species or infraspecific taxon by a specimen or unpublished illustration is not effected unless the herbarium, collection, or institution in which the type is conserved is specified.
• On or after 1 January 2001, lectotypification, neotypification, or epitypification of a name of a species or infraspecific taxon is not effected unless indicated by use of the term “lectotypus”, “neotypus”, or “epitypus”, its abbreviation, or its equivalent in a modern language.