Algae are both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms that have no roots, stems or leaves but do have chloroplast and other pigments for carrying out photosynthesis. The basic structure of chloroplast consists of a series of flattened membranous vesicle called thylakoids or disc and a surrounding matrix. These thylakoids can be …

Genetic male sterility (GMS) Genetic male sterility is controlled by some nuclear genes called Male Sterile genes. It has been evident that this type of sterility is usually maintained by recessive genes (barley, mustard, pigeon pea, paddy) and less frequently by dominant genes (safflower). The male sterile allele is m …

The origin of life on Earth is a scientific problem which is not yet solved. There are plenty of ideas, but few clear facts. It is generally agreed that all life today evolved by common descent from a single primitive life form. It is not known how this early form …