The oomycetes, also known as “water molds”, are a group of several hundred organisms that include some of the most devastating plant pathogens.  The diseases they cause include seedling blights, damping-off, root rots, foliar blights and downy mildews. Some notable diseases are the late blight of potato, downy mildew of …

Gymnosperms are seed producing plants which do not produce any covering surrounding seed. Cycas and Gnetum are two example of Gymnosperms that are respectively considered as primitive and advanced species. In this article, Primitive characters of Cycas and advanced ones of Gnetum will be discussed explicitly. CYCAS Cycas is a …

A domain is the highest taxonomic level of species in biology. In 1977, Woese and his coworkers developed the groundbreaking three-domain system.  They proposed this classification based on differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cell’s ribosomal RNAs (known as 16S rRNA). They created the first worldwide tree of …