Introduction Rubber is a polyterpene consisting of a long chain of thousands of isoprene units. Isoprene is a five carbon compound and a basic unit of rubber. The isoprenes are joined together end to end to form a giant molecule called polymer. The word rubber was first used by Priestly …

 Oil Oils are liquid at room temperature (18-24 C) and usually contain oleic acid. On the other hand, fats are solid at room temperature and contain stearic or palmitic acid.   Definition Oils and fats are water insoluble substances called lipid, consisting of a mixture of triglycerides and containing also …

 Paleobotany Paleobotany is a study of preserve of vestiges (remaining) of geological past. More comprehensively, it is a part of paleontology or paleo-biology which deals with recovery and identification of plant remains. Paleobotany can be defined or approached from the botanical point of view where emphasis is given on plant …

Process of fossilization Mainly there are two theories how plants become fossil. 1. Infiltration theory 2. Molecule by molecule replacement theory 1. Infiltration theory Infiltration theory is based on the fact that mineral matters are infiltrated and precipitated in the cell wall in the buried plant and plant parts undergoing …

Classification of Global climate The earth can be divided into the following broad climatic zones: Polar and subpolar zone Temperate zone Subtropical zone Tropical zone According to Koppen-Geiger classification, global climate can be divided into the following 6 types: Type A: Equatorial Type B: Arid Type C: Temperate Type D: Cold …

Definition  Phytogeography is the study of distribution of plant species and elucidation of origin of flora. The relative position of the 6 continental land masses and large number of islands play an important role in the distribution of various types of plants over the surface of the earth.   Factors …

Components of Water Budget The water budget of a unit area of the earth’s surface is formed from the components: P = precipitation E = Evaporation D = Discharge, Runoff R = Reserve, storage and U = Use, consumption The conservation law for water satisfies the water balance. P = …

Geosphere The area near the surface of the earth can be divided into four inter-connected “geo-spheres” – lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. The names of the four spheres are derived from the Greek words for stone (litho), air (atmo), water (hydro), and life (bio).   Lithosphere The lithosphere is the …

 Sampling Measuring a small portion of something and then making a general statement about the whole thing is known as sampling. Sampling is a process of selecting a number of units for a study in such a way that the units represent the larger group from which they are selected. …

[Click here to read ‘Bichemical Cycle (part- 1 )’ ] Threats to the Carbon Cycle Decline in forest growth. Killing of ocean phytoplankton due to rising sea temperatures. Death of forests due to spread of disease and insects. Melting permafrost layer (In geology, permafrost or permafrost soil is soil at or …