Loss of segement or segments of a chromosome.
Example: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4; and Jacobsen syndrome, also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder.

Source: U.S National Library of Medicine (From large sub-metacentric to small sub-metacentric)

1b. Duplication

A portion of the chromosome is duplicated, resulting in extra genetic material.
The extra piece may get attatched to the same homologous chromosome or transposed to one of the nonhomologous members of the genome.

From small sub-metacentric to large sub-metacentric

1c. Inversion

A change in the linear sequence of the genes in a chromosome that results in the reverse order of the genes in a chromosome segment is called inversion. Or, simply put as, a portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down, and reattached, therefore the genetic material is inverted.
Inversions are widespread in plants, insects and mammals, and are found in nature or induced by radiation and chemical mutagens.
Here, chromosomal breakage is followed by healing process.
Inversions are responsible for speciations (Stebbins, 1950).

Source: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/structuralchanges

1d. Translocation

Also called segmental chromosomal interchanges.
It is the result of the reciprocal exchange of terminal segments of nonhomologous chromosomes.

Courtesy: National Human Genome Research Institute

Difference between crossing over and translocation

Crossing Over	Translocation
Between homologous chromosomes.	Between non-homologous chromosomes.
Could be terminal or intercalary.	Always terminal.

Numerical chromosomal aberration

Any type of change in the number of chromosomes due to certain irregularities during cell division is known as numerical chromosomal aberration.

An individual carrying chromosome numbers other than true monoploid or diploid numbers is called heteroploid. Heteroploidy is divided into aneuploify and euploidy.

2a. Aneuploidy: Change of chromosome number but not in a set. Here the chromosome number is some number other than the exact multiple of the basic chromosome set.

2b. Euploidy: Change of chromosome number in a set. So a euploid organism carries an exact multiple of the basic chromosome number.

Good to know:

In polyploids, x is the basic (monoploid) chromosome number. n is the gametic chromosome number of chromosomes, and 2n is the zygotic or somatic chromosome number.

For example, the genomic formula of Triticum aestivum is 2n=6x=42 and Hordeum vulgare is 2n=2x=14. In both cases, the basic chromsome number x is seven.

The basic set of chromsome in a diploid is called a genome.

Aneuploidy

Aneuploidy is again divided into two categories. Such as:

Hyper aneuploidy: In this type of aneuploidy, the chromosome number increases but not in a set. Such as:

Trisomy: 2n+1
Tetrasomy: 2n+2
Double trisomy: 2n+1+1

Hypo aneuploidy: In this type of aneuploidy, the chromosome number decreases but not in a set. Such as:

Monosomy: 2n-1
Nullisomy: 2n-2
Double monosomy: 2n-1-1

Euploidy

Euploidy is divided into two categories. Such as: Polyploid and Haploid

Polyploid: This aberration causes increase in the number of chromosomal set. It can be represented (Not types) as quantitative, qualitative and quantiqualitative.

Polyploidy is mainly divided into 4 categories such as:

Autopolyploidy,
Allopolyploidy,
Autoallopolyploidy and
Segmental allopolyploidy which are discussed under qualitative section.

Quantitative:

Triploid: 3X
Tetraploid: 4X
Pentaploid: 5X and so on.

Qualitative:

Autopolyploid: AAAA
Allopolyploid: ABCD
Autoallopolyploid: AAAABB (Presence of different types of genomes in which one genome remains as autopolyploid).
Segmental allopolyploid: AA₁B₁B₂C₂C

Quantiqualitative:

Allotriploid: ABC
Autotetraploid: BBBB
Segmental allohexaploid: B₁B₁D₁D₂C₂C

Autopolyploidy

Here, all the genomes are alike.
Eg. AAAA.
One basic genome is multiplied (x, monoploid; 2x, diploid; 3x, triploid, 4x, tetraploid, 5x, pentaploid and so on).

2. Allopolyploidy

Two or more genomes derived from different genomically unlike, distinct species are present.
Eg. ABCD

3. Segmental allopolyploidy

Carry genomes intermediate in degree of similarity and generally exhibit preferential pairing.
For example: a segmental allotetraploid with genomes B₁B₁B₂B₂usually forms bivalents and occassionally quadrivalents.

4. Autoallopolyploidy

Confined to hexaploidy and higher levels of polyploidy (Stebbins, 1950).
Eg. AAAABB

Significance of polyploidy

Polyploidy has played a major role in the speciation of higher plants. The species in which the basic chromsome number is x=10, or higher, evolved by polyploidization.

Haploid: Here chromosome decreases in set. It indicates that aberration where gametic cell is present in somatic body.

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