In a Museum when you see a glittering crystal, you would say it was a mineral  and you’d almost certainly be right. But can you say what a mineral really is? Define Minerals A mineral is an inorganic solid which is naturally occured. It has a fixed chemical composition and …

Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients because they perform many roles within the body. There is a fine line between getting enough of those nutrients (which is healthy) and getting an excessive amount of (which can find yourself harming us). Eating a healthy diet remains the best way to get …

Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are classified as prokaryotes. They are single-celled life/body with a simple core-less internal structure and contain DNA that swims freely in a twisted, thread-like matter called a nucleoid, or in circular parts called plasmids. Bacteria are single-celled microscopic life/organisms that grow in different environments, and these organisms can live in …

Proteins are an extremely important class of macromolecule in living organisms. More than 50% of the dry mass of most cells is protein. Proteins have many important functions. Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by what is called “Peptide bond”. …

DNA Barcoding DNA barcoding is a method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes. Everyone is familiar with industrial barcodes as unique identifiers for commercial products. Similar to these industrial barcodes, short gene segments – known as DNA barcodes – are unique …

What is marker? Marker may be defined as “Mark of identification”. In Biology three major types of markers are used: Morphological marker (also called “classical” or “visible” markers) which are phenotypic traits. Biochemical markers, which are called isozymes- multiple forms of enzymes, including allelic variants of enzymes. A genetic marker …

Order Peronosporales, Aquatic or terrestrial; parasitic on algae or vascular plants, the latter mostly obligate parasites causing downy mildews; in advanced species, zoosporangia borne on well-differentiated sporangiophores, deciduous and behaving as conidia (asexually produced spores); example genera include Albugo, Peronospora, Bremia, and Plasmopara. Habitat  They are aquatic, amphibious and terrestrial species.  Forming a highly group …

The oomycetes, also known as “water molds”, are a group of several hundred organisms that include some of the most devastating plant pathogens.  The diseases they cause include seedling blights, damping-off, root rots, foliar blights and downy mildews. Some notable diseases are the late blight of potato, downy mildew of …