Introduction Nucleus is usually the most conspicuous organelle of eukaryotic cell. However, well defined nucleus is absent in prokaryotic cells. Nucleus is the repository of genome and the source of informational macromolecules that govern the synthetic activities of the cytoplasm. Discovery A Dutch Microscopist, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed nucleus in …

Nomenclature, in biological classification, system of naming organisms. The species to which the organism belongs is indicated by two words, the genus and species names, which are Latinized words derived from various sources. This system, which is called the Linnaean system of binomial nomenclature, was established in the 1750s by Carolus Linnaeus. Subsequent to the work of Linnaeus, a …

Unlike other living beings plants are immobile. They have to live at the mercy of nature. If the place they are standing on has a scarcity of water or minerals, they can’t move to a better place. If a tornado or cyclone arrives they can’t escape from it and take …

Plastid is the membrane-bounded organelle that is the container of the cell. It is the container of some pigments which are the center of some cell activities (mainly the site of photosynthesis). They can move freely. Present in all plant cells but absent in bacteria and fungus. Present in the …

REPRODUCTION OF     DEUTEROMYCETES        Commonly called molds, Deuteromycetes are ” Second-class ” fungi carrying no sexual state in their life cycle, reproduced by means of special spores known as conidia (sing. conidium) via mitosis. This state of asexual fungi called Anamorph. In other words, this imperfect fungi …

    ASPERGILLUS Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly.  Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming …

Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction in the Ascomycetes may be carried on by fission, fragmentation, chlamydospores, or conidia according to the species and to the environmental conditions. Fission & Budding in Yeast: Fission and budding are methods of propagation normally encountered in the yeasts and in a few other Ascomycetes. Spores …

Gene mapping The diagrammatic representation of location and arrangement of genes and relative distance between  linked gene of a chromosome is called linkage map or genetic map. Unit of genetic map is Morgan or Centimorgan. History Test cross Gene map distance If the percentage of crossing over between two linked …

For any researcher, the first initiative to carry out and experiment is to select an appropriate experimental design.

Previously, basic principles and terminology of experiments have been discussed. There are several methods of experimental designs according to which the researchers follow and carry out statistical analysis. Among them, Completely randomized design (CRD), Randomised block design (RBD), and Latin square design is discussed here. Completely randomized design (CRD) In …