Methods of Calculation of Quantitative Data   Quantitative data for individual species is calculated by the following methods: 1) Frequency = Number of sampling units in which the species occurred/Total number of sampling units studied Relative frequency = Frequency of a sp./Total frequency of all spp. X 100 2) Density …

Vegetation: Definition Vegetation is defined as an assemblage of plants growing together in a particular location. It is characterized either by its component species or by the combination of structure and functional characters that characterize the appearance or physiognomy of vegetation. Vegetation rapidly responds to changes in habitat. If the …

Range The range consists of a bunch of data that shows the distinction between the highest and lowest values among the data set. So as to seek out the range, it’s necessary to first order the data from lowest to highest. Then  we have to subtract the smallest value from the …

There are two main methods of presenting data of a variable character or a variable. A) Tabulation/Tabular Presentation B) Drawing/Graphical Presentation Tabulation Tabulation is a device for presenting data from a mass of statistical data. Preparation of frequency distribution table is the first requirement for that. Tables are often simple …

There are various methods to measure the central value of an observation. For instance, average, mean, median, mode, etc. Average The average value of a characteristic is the one central value around which all other observations are distributed. In any large series, nearly 50% of observations lie above the central …

The endosperm is important because it is the main source of food for the embryo. In gymnosperms it is haploid and forms a continuation of the female gametophyte. In angiosperms, on the other hand, it is a new structure formed in most cases as the result of a fusion of …

Pyrrophyta or fire algae is a division of unicellular algae that has a yellow brown color, and has two different flagella which are ribbon-shaped. It contains some pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, c1, c2 and fucoxanthin) that can photosynthesize. Early botanists classified dinoflagellates as a separate division of algae, which they named …

Classification of Global climate The earth can be divided into the following broad climatic zones: Polar and subpolar zone Temperate zone Subtropical zone Tropical zone According to Koppen-Geiger classification, global climate can be divided into the following 6 types: Type A: Equatorial Type B: Arid Type C: Temperate Type D: Cold …

Definition  Phytogeography is the study of distribution of plant species and elucidation of origin of flora. The relative position of the 6 continental land masses and large number of islands play an important role in the distribution of various types of plants over the surface of the earth.   Factors …

Components of Water Budget The water budget of a unit area of the earth’s surface is formed from the components: P = precipitation E = Evaporation D = Discharge, Runoff R = Reserve, storage and U = Use, consumption The conservation law for water satisfies the water balance. P = …