This is the second portion of the topic Photoperiodism. If you have somehow missed the first part, don’t worry! Here is the link- Photoperiodism: Flowering in plants (Part 1) The Pigment Reference: Fundamentals of Plant Physiology by Dr. V. K. Jain.

Probability means the possibility of a random phenomena.

Metabolites are substances that help in metabolism. Some substances help in metabolism, but when they are produced in excess amounts, they remain outside the cell. Many algae produce extracellular metabolites such as lipids, glycolates, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, phenolic compounds, and organic acids.    

The secondary xylem which is formed after secondary growth of woody dicotyledons is called wood. However, all secondary xylem is not wood, e.g., secondary xylem formed after secondary growth in herbaceous dicots. On the other hand, in the Conifers group of Gymnosperm, the secondary xylem developed after secondary growth is …

Lower Fungi Higher Fungi

All viable seeds which have overcome dormancy (if any) either naturally or artifi­cially will readily germinate under suitable environmental conditions necessary for seed germination i.e., water, O2, temperature, and in some cases light. The seeds that just wait for suitable environmental conditions to germinate are said to be ‘quiescent’. In …

There are several factors that influence seed germination such as temperature, moisture, and seed dormancy. Temperature and moisture levels are fairly easy to explain but what is seed dormancy? All the viable seeds have the capacity to germinate if placed under suitable conditions necessary for germination. In certain plants, such …

In the case of some plants, even though they receive proper photoperiod, they do not flower. It means that apart from photoperiodism plants also require something for their subsequent flowering. But what is that? Not all plants flower when subjected to the correct photoperiod. The temperature has a profound effect …

Economic botany is the study of plants, fungi, algae and bacteria that directly or indirectly, positively or adversely affect man, his livestock, and the maintenance of the environment. The effects may be domestic, commercial, environmental, or purely aesthetic. The direct effects refer to the use of food, fibre, fuel, medicine, …

Like all other living beings plants have to exchange gaseous molecules. Animals have noses that help them to breathe in and breathe out to exchange gases. But what about plants? How do plants breathe in and breathe out? Well, plants have stomata or tiny pores on their epidermis that help …