Anatomy

No plant can flourish, or even maintain its existence for long unless it is provided with arrangements that ensure that the plant body as a whole is firmly knit together and that each of its organs is possessed of the requisite degree of mechanical strength. The plants which are made …

The vascular tissue system consists of a number of vascular bundles which are found to be distributed in the stele. The stele is the central cylindrical portion of the stem and root, commonly surrounded by endodermis, and consists of vascular bundles, pericycle, pith and medullary ray. Each vascular bundle consists …

The secondary xylem which is formed after secondary growth of woody dicotyledons is called wood. However, all secondary xylem is not wood, e.g., secondary xylem formed after secondary growth in herbaceous dicots. On the other hand, in the Conifers group of Gymnosperm, the secondary xylem developed after secondary growth is …

Like all other living beings plants have to exchange gaseous molecules. Animals have noses that help them to breathe in and breathe out to exchange gases. But what about plants? How do plants breathe in and breathe out? Well, plants have stomata or tiny pores on their epidermis that help …

The cell wall is structurally and chemically different from the protoplasm. The growth in thickness of walls is evident in both primary and secondary walls. The initiation of the cell wall and how it grows is being studied here. Origin of the Cell wall The wall formation is first evident …

A layer of structural materials composed of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and phenolic compounds found external to protoplasm is called the cell wall. Certainly, it defines the shape and size of the cell. In this paragraph, the structure and composition of cell walls will be discussed explicitly. Gross Structure of Cell Wall The …

Strand of fluid-carrying vascular tissue extending from the main stem to the base of a leaf is Leaf Trace. Relatively thinner portions of the cell wall that adjacent cells can communicate or exchange fluid through are called Pits. In this article, Leaf traces and Pits will be discussed explicitly. Prolongations …

External surfaces of the plant bear several secretory structures of epidermal origin or epidermal derivatives or emergences from deeper tissues (Kisser, 1958). These include Glands, Glandular Trichomes, Nectaries, Osmophores, Hydathodes etc.  In this article,  these external structures of  plant will be discussed briefly. Trichomes and glands In some leaves and flowers, more or less …

The tissues that are concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, volatile oils, nectar, latex and other substances are called Secretory tissues. These tissues are mainly divided into two groups: Laticiferous tissue. Glandular tissue. In this article, Laticiferous tissue will be discussed explicitly. Laticiferous tissue A laticifer is a type of …

The bark is the outermost covering of stems and roots of woody plants (especially trees) and is composed of periderm, cortex, and phloem. A lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems and roots …