We can test the significance of the two sample means by using a t-test. However, in cases where there are more than two samples, it is done by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This method is carried out by comparing sample variances using Variance Ratio Test or F test. So at …

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Toxicity can affect a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). Toxicity effects are dose-dependent; so, even water can lead to water …

Flagella Most prokaryotes are motile by swimming, and this function is typically due to a structure called the flagellum. The plural form of this word is flagella which means whip. Bacterial flagellum is a threadlike locomotor appendages extending outgrowth from the plasma membrane and cell wall. Bacterial flagella are thin, …