The male sterility which  is governed by both nuclear and cytoplasmic genes is known as Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility or CGMS. While CMS is controlled by an extra-nuclear genome, nuclear gene may have the capability to restore fertility. When nuclear restoration of fertility genes (“Rf”) is available for a CMS …

Male sterility, as the name indicates, is the inability of a plant to produce a male reproductive organ, the viable pollen. Male sterility can occur due to extra-nuclear genetic or nuclear genetic conditions. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) refers to the inability of a plant to produce viable pollens due to …

Plants are the vital element of Environment. Like men and animals, plants are  not free from disease. As they have diverse and significant  rules in our existence in this earth, scientists are concerned about them specially at their danger. So, to keep plants free from pathogens or diseases the word …

According to Encyclopedia Britannica- Plant disease is an impairment of the normal state of a plant that interrupts or modifies its vital functions. The effects of a disease that can be observed are called the symptoms. A disease can be identified depending on the symptoms as different diseases show different symptoms. …

Over-wintering and/or over-summering of pathogen Over-seasoning is an evolutionary developed technique followed by many pathogens to survive the adverse period of their life cycle. It has been developed in the pathogens so that they can complete their life cycle and can spread their infections in the next year. The pathogens …

Infection When the inoculum starts procuring nutrients from the susceptible tissues of the host, the infection starts. This is the first stage from where the disease starts to develop. As the pathogen devours soluble products from the cell, various symptoms start appearing. Discolorness, malformation, necrotic areas are common in the …

Inoculation Inoculation is the first contact of a pathogen with its host in a place where infection is possible. The pathogen may be in any of its stages of its life cycle. For example Get Free Netflix Now Best safe and secure cloud storage with password protection GPL Themes For …

Plants are a big and essential part of our life for so many reasons. One of the reasons is plants produce Oxygen which is needed for respiration. Another reason is plants have an unique quality of producing food through photosynthesis, for which we, humans and animals are dependant on plants …

(Evolution of Green Algae has three articles based on its three trends. All of these articles start and end with same paragraphs. If you want to avoid these intros, directly migrate to the point “Volvocine  line of evolution” which is after the second horizontal line). Evolution of Green Algae: Tetrasporine Trend …

Algae are both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms that have no roots, stems or leaves but do have chloroplast and other pigments for carrying out photosynthesis. The basic structure of chloroplast consists of a series of flattened membranous vesicle called thylakoids or disc and a surrounding matrix. These thylakoids can be …