Genetic male sterility (GMS) Genetic male sterility is controlled by some nuclear genes called Male Sterile genes. It has been evident that this type of sterility is usually maintained by recessive genes (barley, mustard, pigeon pea, paddy) and less frequently by dominant genes (safflower). The male sterile allele is m …

The origin of life on Earth is a scientific problem which is not yet solved. There are plenty of ideas, but few clear facts. It is generally agreed that all life today evolved by common descent from a single primitive life form. It is not known how this early form …

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Haploid Breeding Haploids are sporophytic plants that are autonomous and possess only a single set of chromosomes (gametophytic chromosome number). These are in contrast of diploids containing two sets of chromosomes. Haploids may be originated from a gametic cell in the embryo sac or in the pollen grain. In haploids, …

Water Microbiology  Water is the vital element for every living organisms on earth. So, it’s needed to ensure safe access to clean drinking water for all as most of the important bacterial diseases are transmitted through water . Water microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, microscopic …

Soil Microbiology is concerned with the study of all biological aspects of the microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, parasites and protozoa) that exist in the soil environment. However, before going ahead with the discussion of the functions and facts of microorganisms in soil, first we need to know what the …

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Who hasn’t seen plants with some kind of abnormalities? We all have, right? Sometimes in the form of some black spots or white powders in the leaves; or sometimes those rotten roots or stems; or maybe those holes in the fruits that are making them inedible and many more. Perhaps …

  WHAT IS EXTREME ENVIRONMENT? An extreme environment exhibits conditions which are challenging for most life forms. These may be extremely high or low ranges of temperature, radiation, pressure, acidity, alkalinity, air, water, salt, sugar, carbon dioxide, sulfur, petroleum and many others. An extreme environment is one place where humans …

DNA Before discussing “The Replication Of Circular DNA”, first we are going to give a short introduction to DNA. DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material present in all living organisms through which the characteristics of one generation are transmitted to the next one. It contains the genetic information …