Plants are a big and essential part of our life for so many reasons. One of the reasons is plants produce Oxygen which is needed for respiration. Another reason is plants have an unique quality of producing food through photosynthesis, for which we, humans and animals are dependant on plants …

Algae are both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms that have no roots, stems or leaves but do have chloroplast and other pigments for carrying out photosynthesis. The basic structure of chloroplast consists of a series of flattened membranous vesicle called thylakoids or disc and a surrounding matrix. These thylakoids can be …

The origin of life on Earth is a scientific problem which is not yet solved. There are plenty of ideas, but few clear facts. It is generally agreed that all life today evolved by common descent from a single primitive life form. It is not known how this early form …

Soil Microbiology is concerned with the study of all biological aspects of the microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, parasites and protozoa) that exist in the soil environment. However, before going ahead with the discussion of the functions and facts of microorganisms in soil, first we need to know what the …

  WHAT IS EXTREME ENVIRONMENT? An extreme environment exhibits conditions which are challenging for most life forms. These may be extremely high or low ranges of temperature, radiation, pressure, acidity, alkalinity, air, water, salt, sugar, carbon dioxide, sulfur, petroleum and many others. An extreme environment is one place where humans …

DNA Before discussing about “The Replication Of Circular DNA”, first we are going to give a short introduction to DNA. DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material present in all living organisms through which the characteristics of one generation are transmitted to the next one. It contains the genetic …

What is prion? Prion is a term first used to describe the mysterious infectious agent responsible for several neurodegenerative diseases found in mammals,including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases(CDJ) in humans. The word itself derives from ‘proteinaceous infectious particle’; It refers to the initially heretical hypothesis is that the infectious agent causing those diseases …

Polyploid Organism bearing the exact multiple of the basic chromosome number (x) of the species. In polyploid cells and organisms, the number of chromosome sets exceeds that of diploid. Depending on the number of chromosome sets, polyploid can be classified as triploids, tetraploids, pentaploids etc. Good to know In potato, …

A model organism is a non human species that is used as a framework to develop and standardize the analysis which is applicable to other species. It’s an in vivo model which is extensively used to study human diseases when human experimentation would be unethical.  In studying human diseases,  model …

Rhizoid and rhizomorphs are two common terms used in the study of fungi. Both of them are derived from the same word root. But still they maintain some differences. Rhizoid The name ‘Rhizoid’ is derived from the Latin prefix ‘rhizo’ – which means root. But it is not a root …