Proteins are an extremely important class of macromolecule in living organisms. More than 50% of the dry mass of most cells is protein. Proteins have many important functions. Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by what is called “Peptide bond”. …

This informative post is collected from the group named: NextTop-USA (Higher study in USA) Original Post Writer: Jawad Siddique Efaz  Dear higher study aspirant, Hope you guys are staying safe and healthy and preparing to catch the Spring 2021 and Fall 2021 term. I am living in the USA for …

Have you ever been interested in computer programming being a biology student? Have you ever thought of developing apps conflating your ‘built in’ biological knowledge with newly learned ‘coding skills’? If you say ‘Yes’, you have come to the right place. You will be glad to know that an entire …

Meristematic tissue is the plant tissue that has the ability to divide actively throughout its life. It consists of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division. Apical Meristamatic tissue is one kind of meristem  which stays at the tip of a plant shoot or root  and causes the shoot or root to …

There are three main components/types of biodiversity:  (1) genetic. (2)organismal/taxonomic. (3) ecological. (1) genetic & sub-cellular: Biodiversity  expressed within  individual cells and non-cellular organisms (e.g., viruses) – diversity of genetic information central to this category but variety of metabolic pathways & molecular biology of life also important. (2) taxonomic diversity: …

Do you ever  dig down deep into any soil? If you did so, you may have followed different colors and layers in there. These layers are called horizons in soil science. The idea of Horizon and Soil Horizons are slightly different. Horizon is a distinct layer of soil, approximately parallel …

Introduction Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It started with sedentary agriculture and particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants. The development of plant breeding as a special feild of study has been associated with and dependent upon …

Before starting the detailed discussion first I simply answer the first arising question what is author citation? In a sense of Botany, every living being has a unique botanical name by which it is recognized (i.e.Mango=Mangifera indica, Jackfruit=Artocarpus heterophyllus), if it does not have any then it will have sooner …

In an ancient lake bed in the Southern Hemisphere, scientists studying fossil leaves found out the mechanism of the plants living during the Miocene Epoch. The world used to have an elevated level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. With an increased rate of carbon dioxide in the air, it …

The polymerase chain reaction, generally known as PCR, is used in almost every application of gene technology. It is a method for rapid production of a very large number of copies of a particular fragment of DNA. Virtually unlimited quantities of a length of DNA can be produced from the …